Researcher Information
Sharoni Michal
sharonim@mit.edu (123) 456-7890
The information provided below is for MIT researchers' use and is subject to change by EHS. For our legal disclaimer please see - http://ehs.mit.edu/site/content/legal-disclaimer
Agent Characteristics
Citrobacter koseri
RG 2
Bacteria
Yes          
Family: Enterobacteriaceae; gram-negative, facultative anaerobic bacteria that appear as rods or coccobacilli.  Citrobacter are rare opportunistic nosocomial pathogens.
HumansAnimalsAquatic animals
Cut/ Needlestick / Non-intact skinIngestionMother to fetus transmissionMucous Membranes
Infectious dose: Unknown. Incubation time: Unknown. Part of normal intestinal flora.  
Health Hazards
More concerning for neonates and immunocompromised patients; however, can cause infections of the urinary tract (most common; burning with urination, pain in lower abdomen), bloodstream, lungs (productive cough, difficulty breathing, fever), and central nervous system (headache, meningitis, brain abscess).  May also infect other tissues.     
None available
Amoxicillin plus clavulanate
Antibiotics are required for treatment.  Carbapenems and fluoroquinolones are first-line since the bacteria resides inside macrophages, neutrophils, and crosses the blood-brain barrier.  May be resistant to multiple antibiotics due to plasmid-encoded resistance genes.  Naturally resistant to several penicillins.
Containment
BSL 2
ABSL2
Viability
10% household bleach (~0.5% sodium hypochlorite)70% ethanolActivated hydrogen peroxide (PREempt, Rescue)Quaternary ammonia (Quatricide, sklar, Lysol spray, etc.)Phenolic (Vesphene II)hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid (Peridox)Fresh 2% glutaraldehyde (Gluterate / CIDEX)
Autoclave at 121°C for 30 minutes or dry heat at 170°C for 2 hours.
C. koseri survives in soil and water
Ingestion or accidental injection
PPE/Containment
Wear gloves, lab coat, and appropriate lab attire (pants/long dress, closed toed shoes); eye protection, e.g. safety glasses, safety goggles recommended for liquids. Additional PPE may be required depending on lab specific SOPs for handling Citrobacter koseri.
Biosafety cabinet recommended for procedures that can generate aerosols or splashes, Minimize use of sharps
Spill Procedures
Notify others working in the lab.  Allow aerosols to settle. Don appropriate PPE.  Cover area of the spill with paper towels and apply an EPA approved disinfectant, working from the perimeter towards the center.  Allow 10 minutes of contact time. Cleanup spill materials and dispose as biowaste. Surface disinfect 5-10 minutes. Remove PPE and wash hands.
For large volume spills or biological spills in a public area, contact MIT's Biosafety Program or the EHS office (617-452-3477) during normal business hours.  If the spill occurs after hours or on weekends, activate the EHS ON CALL system by dialing Operations 3-4948 (617-253-4948) or MIT Police by dialing 100 from a campus phone or 617-253-1212 from a mobile phone.
Exposure Procedures
Flush eyes, mouth, or nose for 15 minutes at eyewash station.
Wash area with soap and water and rinse/scrub for 5-10 minutes.
Immediately report incident to supervisor, PI, or EHS Representative. PI/supervisor must submit incident report in Atlas within 24 hours.
Medical Follow-up
9:00am-4:00pm, weekdays:
contact MIT Occupational Health:
Phone: 617-253-8552
Address: 25 Carleton Street, Building E23, Cambridge, MA 02142
website		 8:00am-8:00pm, weekdays
10:00am-4:00pm, weekends
MIT Health Urgent Care
phone: 617-253-1311
address: 25 Carleton Street, Building E23, Cambridge, MA 02142
Or call MIT Police 617-253-1212		 Emergencies:
Call 100 from a campus phone or
617-253-1212 from a mobile phone
Additional comments
References
1. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/citrobacter.html
2. Deveci A, Coban AY.  Optimum management of Citrobacter koseri infection. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy. 2014; 12(9): 1137-1142.  DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2014.944505
3. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/citrobacter-koseri
04-04-2022
MMM: updated disinfectants
Created on April  5, 2021 at 11:57 AM (EDT). Last updated by Zhong, Lu on Nov. 19, 2025 at  5:27 PM (EST). Owned by Zhong, Lu.
Lu Zhong
Lu Zhong
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